Content Validity

Rationale

Content validity is one of the most well-known strategies to make sure that developed questionnaires will really measure what it intends to measure. This is usually done by consulting at least 5-10 experts preferably in the fields of linguistics as well as statistics to scrutinize the accuracy, applicability and admissibility of questionnaires. English language experts commonly look after the accuracy of grammatical constructions and other lexical flaws which may impede in the data gathering phase. Other concerns such as the format, legend, descriptive statistics and others issues are examined carefully by statisticians. This is to practically ensure that needed data will be gathered through the developed questionnaire taking into consideration the framed research questions (RQs) and hypothesis of the study. According to Oktavia et al., (2018), developed questionnaires must have good quality to measure participants’ knowledge and opinion. On the other hand, reliability is one important component of an excellent and modern questionnaire. This is done in various ways such as test-retest strategy, correlation test, and test of internal consistency which this software will provide two at a time. To interpret the results for content validity and reliability, we will be guided by the scale below. Note that range of internal consistency of 0.90 – 0.99 may indicate some redundant responses; hence, an ideal questionnaire should have 9 content validity index (CVI) and 0.80 – 0.89 range of internal consistency to vouch that questionnaires are practically valid and reliable.

I. CONTENT VALIDITY MEASUREMENT

VALUE

RANGE

7 – 7.4

7.5 – 8.4

8.5 – 9.4

9.5 -10

INTERPRETATION

not valid

fairly valid

moderately valid

highly valid

II. INTERNAL RELIABILITY MEASUREMENT

RANGE

0.00 - 0.69

0.70 - 0.79

0.80 – 0.89

0.90 – 0.99

INTERPRETATION

poor reliability

fair reliability

good reliability

excellent reliability

CONTENT VALIDITY and RELIABILITY OF QUESTIONNAIRE

CONTENT VALIDATION CRITERIA	E1	E2	E3	E4	E5	E6	E7	E8	E9	E10	CVI
1. The questionnaire is brief and limited in scope that target participants would feel easy to accomplish without having to require much of their precious time answering.
2. The questionnaire bears clarity and conciseness of instructions that potential respondents will not exert much effort in trying to grasp them.
3. The questionnaire is geared towards collection of accurate data and aligned with appropriate research design; otherwise, it will most likely collect flawed and inaccurate data which may heavily affect research outcome.
4. The questionnaire considers sensitivity and being compassionate to the respondents and does not have humiliating and personal questions which may make target users to be uneasy and apprehensive while answering the questions.
5. The developed questionnaire bears the element of being time-oriented which implies that it will not take too much effort accomplishing and responding.
6. The questionnaire is within the ambit and scope of the topic being explored. It will gather appropriate and essential data from the target participants.
7. The questionnaire promotes flexibility and adaptableness to certain unlooked-for conditions that respondents can still be able to respond.
8. The developed questionnaire has the element of relatability to the target audience making the included questions easy to answer.
9. The questionnaire undergoes proofreading for possible lexical and grammatical errors.
10. The questionnaire considers legibility and does not have too much colors which may distract the target users..
11. The questionnaire fosters sensitivity to gender orientation, age, ethnicity, and religion.
12. The questionnaire offers ample options where respondents can comfortably choose the most relevant answer from the given choices.
13. The statements included in the questionnaire consider the principles of truthfulness and reliability.
14. The questionnaire could be administered to a wider audience and varied groups to achieve higher validity of research findings.
15. The questionnaire is well-matched with other ensuing data such as transcriptions and datasets resulting to a substantial raw data capturing completely the research site.
16. The questionnaire does not demand the intended users to calculate higher statistics just to satisfy what is asked for in the questionnaire.
17. The questionnaire observes alignment with research objectives, research questions and hypothesis.
18. The questionnaire does not force the respondents to give personal information thereby respecting the privacy option of the target participants.
19. The questionnaire takes into consideration originality of information which may redound to a better grasp of existing policy, issues and concerns, and/or program contributing to the body of knowledge.
20. The questionnaire wisely considers statements that will resonate both in local and international perspectives.

Content Validity Index(CVI) =
Internal Consistency Reliability(ICR) =

Cite as: Estremera, M., & Sarmiento, M. A. (2024). Content validity and reliability of questionnaires: trends, prospects and innovation in the digital research epoch. Asean Innovative and Transformative Education Journal, 1(1),1-13. https://doi.org/10.0000/9gbh6x48

Dr. Michael L. Estremera is currently a graduate school professor of Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa Sr. Memorial State College of Agriculture and Technology teaching linguistics and literature subjects. He used to be an elementary English and Mathematics teacher for 12 years before he became a school principal for 4 years. He ventured into SUCs for a greener pasture and to satiate his passion for educational research. His expertise includes Linguistics, Philology, Educational Leadership and Management, Social Sciences, and Multidisciplinary Researches. He was able to publish 25 articles on highly indexed journals including Scopus, WOS and ACI obtaining 111 citations with h-index 5. He likewise has book publications on linguistics and educational leadership

The Innovator

Dr. Michael L. Estremera

Chief Editor of ASEAN Innovative and Transformative Education Journal

michaelestremera@debesmscat.edu.ph